The relevance of the research topic is determined by the fact that grouping contributes to better knowledge of goods by market agents and insufficient knowledge of the problem of qualitative grouping. However, due attention is still not paid to the grouping of goods of variable quality, and the available incomplete information on the properties of goods is scattered across various sources that are inaccessible to many consumers.

The term “grouping of variable quality” has been introduced, defined as the division of a commodity set according to grouping characteristics into separate subgroups according to the characteristics of quality variability.

The reasons for the variability of the quality of goods, formed in the process of production and consumption, are revealed, which consist in the fact that, firstly, in the production process, goods are subject to deviations from the quality parameters of materials, semi-finished products, errors in manufacturing, assembly, control, which lead to a change in quality; secondly, the quality of the production factors themselves depend on the impact of the environment; thirdly, each individual consumer has his own estimated value of the quality of a product or a judgment about quality, which is the reason for the scatter in the estimated value of the quality of the market population of consumers.

A grouping of goods according to the following qualitative characteristics is proposed: use of goods by quality; the identity of the combination of the quality of goods; verifiability of the quality of goods; a set of quality characteristics; the interaction of the price of product quality and the wealth of consumers; time reference – dated goods, geographic area – spatial goods and interactions with the environment or the world – contingent goods; digital goods of software-variable quality.

The state’s general budget, in its simplest concepts and objectives, represents the state’s work plans and programs that include achieving its economic and social objectives within the framework of the economic and social roles played by various countries in the world, in addition to the primary role of the private sector in the process of economic development. The budget is adopted in several stages and trends, including traditional and systemic characteristics, planning systems, programming and budgeting. The Iraqi budget was characterized by the inclusion of operating costs in general government spending, which affected the volume of investment spending. The general budget in Iraq has faced many difficulties and challenges during the implementation process, the most prominent of which was the security instability, which had serious consequences for the failure to achieve budget goals, whether on the operational or investment front. The Iraqi budget also suffered from a fiscal deficit from 2006 until this year. The current research deals with the most important problems in preparing and implementing the 2021 budget, which led to the disruption of financial and economic reform plans and the persistence of the reform dilemma in the state’s general budget.

The banking system of the Russian Federation, which is a complex system of interconnected banking institutions operating in the country, includes banks (private, state), credit institutions and other economic entities that provide banking services to legal entities and individuals. As part of our article, we found out that over the past 10 years, there has been a decrease in the number of banks, which is associated with economic reasons in the country, with the strict requirements of the policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. The main players in the banking services market of the Russian Federation are banks with state participation Sberbank PJSC, VTB Bank PJSC, Gazprombank JSC, Rosselkhozbank JSC, NCO NCC (JSC). On the basis of the conducted “SWOT-analysis” of the banking system of the Russian Federation, the following main strengths of it were revealed: positive dynamics of the capital of credit institutions; growth in lending; reducing the dependence of the Russian banking system on the international payment systems VISA and MASTER CARD; strengthening banking supervision; reduction of the key rate of the Bank of Russia. Weaknesses included: deterioration in the quality of bank loan portfolios; a decrease in demand for loans from large borrowers, especially during a pandemic; growth of credit risks, which are key in the activities of banks. They also identified the opportunities and threats for the development of activities.

ESG principles are less common in Russia than abroad, but they are gradually being introduced into business. This article discusses the issues of the development of these principles in the Russian Federation to the management of environmental, social risks, as well as corporate governance risks, the attitude of corporate business to the management of these risks. The article analyzes the current situation in the Russian Federation in the field of environmental, social and corporate governance risks management, focuses on the readiness to implement the ESG risk management system in the Russian Federation, reflects the opinion of rating agencies, the scientific community, professional financial market participants, employers, foundations, experts, and major Russian companies. The systematization and description of the need for ESG risk management by business companies is of practical importance: the attitude of business partners is reflected, the impact on the economy of the Russian Federation as a whole, and the consequences for the state and society are highlighted, the attitude of investors to companies implementing ESG principles is described. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the principles of responsible investment and sustainable development are beginning to work in the Russian market. Not only corporate business and banks, but also the Government and the Central Bank are actively involved in the development of this issue.

The development of the digital economy in Russia and the world is characterized by high rates. It can already be said that digitalization is an inevitable process that has become commonplace, and significantly affects all spheres of public activity, including marketing, which today is subject to significant changes. The volume of online trade in Russia and the world is characterized by annual growth, especially noticeable in recent years under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the Russian consumer switched from going to an offline store to shopping from his smartphone, laptop, tablet, etc. As a result of the study, it was found that the shift in the plane of marketing activities to the digital environment is due to a change in consumer behavior and the active development of digital tools, primarily in the field of communication with consumers. The article analyzes the definitions of the concept of “digital marketing” in domestic and foreign literature, and also examines the main digital marketing tools, such as content marketing, email marketing, SMM, contextual advertising, SEO and the company’s website, highlighting the advantages, disadvantages and features of application in marketing activities, including depending on the tasks of communication with consumers.

This article considers the problem of improving the system of labor motivation in domestic enterprises. The main task is to study the theoretical material on the issue of labor motivation and incentive of staff, as well as to develop a questionnaire and conduct a study aimed at identifying the factors motivating employees.

Critical analysis of economic literature and system analysis were used to solve the tasks. Primary information for the study was collected through questionnaire survey methods (using a specially designed questionnaire). The information base of the study was the data of survey statistics of employees of enterprises.

Analysis of the obtained data suggests that all motivational factors should be divided into several groups. Depending on the group, a set of incentives is selected to improve performance. The findings of the study obtained in the article can be used by personnel management services in enterprises.

Effective management of any modern organization is not possible without a well-structured personnel management system. This article discusses a new approach in the human resources management of organizations – Green human resources management. Sustainable development plays one of the most important roles in ensuring the competitive advantages of modern companies and raises the question of how to implement and apply environmental practices in the organization’s personnel management system. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze such approach as Green human resources management (GHRM) – “green” human resource management of organizations, as well as an analysis of its use in the activities of various companies. Many works of foreign researchers are devoted to the development of environmental management of human resources. This article examines the basic theories of Green human resources management, presents an analysis of the literature on the practices of “green” human resources management. The world practices of using Green human resources management in leading international companies are considered, the experience of countries applying this approach is analyzed. The conclusions of the article substantiate the reasons for the introduction of “green” human resource management in the practice and policy of Russian companies.

The pandemic of coronavirus infection once again emphasized the importance and priority of the development of the social sphere, especially the effective functioning of the health system. Human health is the highest value, it is its prevention, strengthening and recovery after illness that is the resulting indicator of the provision of medical services. The health of the population –public health) is an indicator, the calculation of which is necessary for the analysis and correct prediction of the vector of development of the health system, but in practice its assessment is not always possible. The article analyzes the methods of health assessment. Based on its results, it was concluded that to assess the resulting impact of the provision of medical services (their quality and accessibility), the most acceptable method is an integrated assessment of the health of the population, calculated using the systematization of statistical analysis of health and demography, as well as sociological surveys of the population. Thus, the emphasis in assessing the health of the population should be shifted to the qualitative aspect, therefore, the quantitative assessment methods that exist today should be supplemented with subjective ones that allow assessing factors such as self-care, mobility of an individual, his daily activities, pain (discomfort), anxiety (depression) and many others.

Transformation of the economy, caused by the development of technologies, and changes in favorites in the stock market clearly demonstrate that accents in the main drivers of modern development are increasingly shifting towards nonmaterial factors such as platforms, community (subscribers), ecosystems, information, reputation. In the age of digitalization, all these factors enable to provide additional competitive advantages as for the individual and the companies as well by increasing the recognition and speed of building new connections and relationships.

Meanwhile, the emergence and development of information and communication technologies connected countries and continents, placing people living there in a common virtual space. In this article, we will try to assess the impact of the Internet on the economy at the macro level, namely, using the example of countries with developed and developing economies. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that the impact on the growth of financial and economic indicators at the macro level in emerging economies of information and communication technologies is more than twice as high as compared to the impact on developed economies. Based on the conclusions in this study, in the future we will be able to make an attempt to interpret the results obtained at the sectoral and micro levels.

SaaS is the most common cloud service model in Russia. The growing popularity of SaaS is due to the fact that SaaS has higher flexibility, scalability, and requires lower investment costs, as well as equipment maintenance and information security costs than on-premises software. However, the level of prevalence of business SaaS is currently not very high. The article analyzes and identifies trends and prospects of the Russian SaaS market as a whole and the Russian business SaaS market in particular. According to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the volume of both the SaaS market in general and the business SaaS market in particular is growing steadily. At the same time, the growth in market volume tends to slow down. This tendency was stopped in 2020. The volume of the business SaaS market is growing faster than the volume of the SaaS market. Because of this, the share of business SaaS in SaaS has a stable growth trend. The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in the demand for cloud technologies, including SaaS. This was caused by the need to transfer personnel to remote work, as well as an increase in demand for online services. Because of acquisition of the experience of using cloud technologies and online services by both organizations and private users during the pandemic period, the SaaS market has acquired prerequisites for accelerated development in the long run.