The given article represents the study on impact of economic crises on the structure of industry in the Russian Federation based on comparative analysis of changes in key figures reflecting development of industrial composition such as shipped quantity of own made goods; work and services performed; average annual number of employees; number of enterprises and organizations, average annual composition of main job labour force and handling capacity in different industry fields. The study included three stages: theoretical analysis of nature, causes, consequences and forecasts of economic crises in Russia; modelling of industrial cycle in the Russian Federation allowing to follow crisis and depression stages of industrial cycle in the Russian Federation in 1994–2020 years; graphical and comparative analysis of impact of the consequences of economic crises on the composition of industrial fields in the country taking into account revealed periods of industrial cycles in the Russian Federation. The main sector suffering during crises and depression in the Russian Federation is processing industry. As a result of this analysis recommendations were made how to modify the industrial cycle and to smooth down the cycle fluctuations of the industrial cycle itself.

The relevance of the research topic of this article is determined by the fact that, on the one hand, the wealth of societies dominated by the capitalist mode of production acts as a huge accumulation of homogeneous goods, the use of which in theory is difficult due to their qualitative heterogeneity, and on the other hand, the need to develop the theory of demand for goods of variable quality, which implies clarification of the term of the economic category “goods of variable quality”, the creation of both a qualitative-quantitative model and a geometric three-dimensional model in the space of price, quality and quantity. K. Marks foresaw the future development of the commodity as follows: “to discover these different sides, and, consequently, the diverse ways of using things, is a matter of historical development. The same should be said about finding social measures for the quantitative side of useful things”. And the search for such measures for the quality side of the goods was postponed for an indefinite long period, which was also facilitated by the adoption of the postulate “on the qualitative homogeneity of goods" in neoclassical economics.

The following definition of the term “commodity” is proposed. Goods are goods and services of variable quality and quantity produced for public consumption and exchange.

In accordance with the definition of a product, the most complete and initial model of the product is formulated, the definition is the unity of quality and quantity.

A three-dimensional commodity space is proposed, formed by the planes: price – quality, price – quantity and quality – quantity.

In the context of the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the issues of sustainable socio- economic development of regions acquire strategic importance in the system of state regulation. At the same time, it is necessary to reckon with the facts of a decrease in the volume of real investments in some regions of Russia, a slowdown in the implementation of infrastructure projects in the field of physical culture and sports, which is unacceptable in conditions of insufficiently high provision of sports facilities. The purpose of the article is to consider the main existing concepts and approaches to the study of the relationship and assessment of the impact of sports, infrastructure projects in this area on the socio-economic parameters and sustainability of the development of Russian regions. In turn, this will make it possible to determine the priorities of regional socio-economic policy and ways to increase the effectiveness of measures of state support for sports at the regional level. As a result of the study, theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the infrastructure of sports and physical culture as a factor in the development of the regional economy have been studied, the dynamics of the construction of sports facilities in the context of the federal districts of Russia have been analyzed, problems associated with the implementation of investment projects in the field of sports have been identified. In conclusion, a number of recommendations were formulated to improve the implementation of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports, taking into account the best international practices.

With the development of social networks and the use of new digital technologies, reputation capital is increasingly transformed from a personal characteristic into a significant information resource that begins to influence significantly the main indicators of development and capitalization of companies. This article attempts to study, comprehend and propose tools for measuring the impact of reputation capital on the development of the region.

The hypothesis of the research. In the modern world, under the conditions of the fourth industrial revolution, information in the form of platforms and social networks is beginning to have a growing impact on the processes of recognition and promotion of regions in the socio-economic space and forms a new driver of development, which together can be characterized as reputation capital. Exactly in this form it has a significant impact on investment processes and the movement of resources.

The main idea of the research is to use the capabilities of new technologies to quantify the impact of reputation capital through the tools of the information society on important parameters of socio-economic development of the territory.

The object of the research is regional socio-economic systems and patterns of their development in the information space.

The subject of the research is the relations that arise inside and outside the territory between organizations and citizens in the physical and cybernetic space in the process of developing a development strategy, promoting the territory and forming reputational capital.

The article is devoted to topical issues of research of factors of institutional level of confidence in the carried out official vaccination measures (using the example of data on vaccination against COVID-19) in the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the article is to identify the dynamics of the trust index as the basic factor in the reproduction of intangible capital of the region. The study includes an analysis of the main socio-economic indicators of regional socio-economic systems. The confidence index is accepted as a fundamental factor in the sustainability of the reproduction of intangible capital in the region. The methods of statistical applied theory, mathematical methods, on the basis of which confidence coefficients are calculated for the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation, are applicable in the study.

The authors of the study analyze topical issues of reproduction of intangible capital of the region as a set of intangible values. Value as an element of trust has been identified as the driving force behind government action. This confidence component shows that decency, honesty and the absence of corruption are highly likely to be observed in emergency situations. If the population is confident that the technology of purchase, supply, storage and other things on vaccines are respected, then the formed trust catalyzes the reproduction of intangible capital – objectifying the vaccination process, which is confirmed by the results of the study.

The article analyzes the problems and trends in lending to small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian economy, highlights the key features of banks’ work with small businesses, the Central Bank’s software tools aimed at supporting lending to small and medium-sized businesses. The analysis of dynamics and structure of banks’ loan portfolio in terms of work with small and medium-sized businesses is presented. The purpose of the article is to consider the main problems of interaction between banks and small and medium-sized businesses. As a result of the study, we studied the factors limiting the development of lending to small businesses in Russia, both from the point of view of credit institutions and from the point of view of borrowers. The dynamics of lending to small and medium-sized businesses in Russia is analyzed, and the leading banks in terms of the volume of loans issued for the needs of small and medium-sized businesses are identified. Based on the analysis of the structure of the volume of loans issued to small and medium-sized businesses, changes are revealed associated with a decrease in the share of trade and manufacturing in 2020. In conclusion, proposals are formulated to improve and increase the dynamics of lending to small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation.

The implementation of projects to assess the cost and diagnose the sustainability of business development requires comprehensive, complete and objective research. The requirements of the federal valuation standards in force in the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “On Valuation Activities in the Russian Federation” dated July 29, 1998 No. 135-FL do not contain the composition of the analyzed assets and liabilities, some of which are accounted for on the balance sheet and are not published in the financial statements. The author suggests the directions of research of off-balance sheet assets and liabilities in the implementation of projects to assess the value and diagnose the sustainability of business development. The linking of balance sheet items with the value of information for assessing the sustainability of business development is of scientific importance. The practical significance lies in the identification and description of nine groups of off-balance sheet assets and liabilities that affect the implementation of projects to assess the value and diagnose the sustainability of business development, namely: leasing relations, securitization, contingent liabilities, guarantees, licenses, human resources, assets of the enterprise in management, contractual obligations, intangible assets and intellectual property. The article concludes that it is necessary to improve and develop the regulatory framework in the field of valuation, accounting, sustainable development design procedures, in terms of identifying and accounting for the value of off-balance sheet assets and liabilities in order to obtain more objective and high-quality indicative data for the analysis, development and forecasting of sustainable business development.

The article provides the author’s definition of a reasonable tax policy as a set of effective government measures for collecting taxes while respecting social justice. Tax revenues help finance the delivery of public services in achieving sustainable development. Reasonable taxation requires the adoption of sound tax policy and the administrative capacity to implement it. Internal tax policy plays a decisive role in stimulating the development of sectors of the economy, its subjects, and strengthening the tax potential. It is necessary to realize the direct relationship of taxation with the goals of sustainable development. A reasonable tax policy can influence the volume of domestic investment in a region through tax rates, incentives, and deductions. The tax can act as an incentive to increase investment in sustainable domestic infrastructure, as it can lead to a loss of tax revenue. Losses are often offset by increases in product taxes, including VAT, which usually have a regressive effect. They disproportionately increase inequality, hindering the achievement of sustainable development goals. Typical needs for reasonable taxation are outlined. The planned volumes of tax revenues from the population for the next three-year budget period have been investigated. Benefits have been made about the need for a fair distribution of the tax burden without generating social inequality, with an increase in budgetary efficiency from taxation.

The object of the study is a financial management course taught entirely in a distance format. The subject of the study is the professional level of teaching this discipline. The study was conducted by interviewing students. A total of 46 students took part in the survey, 61 % of them were undergraduate students, 39 % were graduate students. Among the respondents, the share of foreign students was 15 %. We identified the following parameters for assessing the professional level of teaching in the discipline (the answers provided in points had a maximum value of 10): the professional level of the teacher (weighted average value of 9.9 points), the novelty of the topics considered in the course (weighted average value of 9.3 points), the clarity of the presentation of the material (weighted average value of 9.6 points), the quality of the teacher’s answers to the questions asked (weighted average value of 9.8 points), new knowledge and skills acquired by students in the learning process (weighted average value of 9.8 points), the usefulness of the acquired knowledge and skills in practice (weighted average of 8.2 points), interest in the course during training, the degree of satisfaction at the end of the course (weighted average of 9.7 points). The weighted average value for all parameters was almost 9.5 points out of 10 possible, therefore, our study showed that students highly appreciated the professional level of distance learning in the course “financial management”.

The article discusses the topic of employee motivation as improving the quality of work in organizations. Motivation is a very important factor in improving the quality of work of the company’s employees and maintaining its competitiveness in the market. Depending on how correctly the methods of motivation are selected in a particular organization, both the success of the enterprise itself and the motivation of employees in performing their work will depend. For a more detailed analysis of this topic, the essence of employee motivation was analyzed, and for a better understanding of this topic, options and examples were proposed. In addition, various types and methods of motivation that exist at the moment, which are now actively used in various organizations, were analyzed. The topic of existing types of motivation and their advantages is touched upon, depending on what goals the company needs to achieve both in the near future and in the long term, or what the needs of employees are. Thus, employee motivation is a very important factor influencing the effectiveness of an organization. This topic is very relevant today and requires special attention.

The global economy is undergoing a significant structural transformation. The redistribution of shares in the S&P 500 Index over the last 40 years shows significant growth in new sectors of the economy. The digital economy is driving the growth of new business and the transformation of old business. The rise in value of IT companies and the creation of digital ecosystems increases interest in this sector of the economy and creates new valuation challenges for cross-sector companies. By bringing new digital products to the core business, companies are being transformed into innovative holdings that require a valuation apparatus to correctly value their shares.

This paper examines the topical issues of incorporating digitalization of business into company shareholder value, analyses the structural changes in the global economy, and proposes ways of updating the valuation apparatus of company value. This paper considers the reasons for the sharp increase in the capitalization of IT companies, the preconditions for a new economic crisis, the theoretical and practical aspects of the digitalization of business, and estimates the size of the “digital premium” to the value of IT companies. Moreover, this paper covers a literature review on the impact of intellectual capital and R&D expenditures on business performance and valuation of company stock.